Кредиты малому бизнесу: "красивая динамика" и объективная реальность

by Koshak 1/9/2009 11:40:00 PM
Стремление открыть свое небольшое дело и обрести финансовую свободу в нашей стране почетно и похвально, но рискованно и не всегда достижимо. Малый бизнес в России, как подпольный агент, вынужден пробиваться сквозь стену бюрократических преград в виде вороха документов для местных чиновников и скромных подношений в виде стопок купюр для них же. И даже если новоиспеченный бизнесмен сумел преодолеть все "подводные камни" организации собственной фирмы, рано или поздно он столкнется с проблемой нехватки средств для ее развития. Финансировать бизнес "из кармана" друзей, родственников или брать деньги в долг "у хороших знакомых" - это, согласитесь, не лучший вариант. Но и копить на открытие бизнеса, складывая деньги в чулок долгие годы, - затея как минимум бессмысленная.

В этом случае остается одна надежда - получить кредит на развитие своего "малого детища" в банке. Но так ли это просто? Попробуем разобраться, проанализировав мнения банковских гуру и позицию простых предпринимателей средней руки. Но для начала немного официальной статистики.

Даешь двойной прирост!

Если верить цифрам, которые активно распространяются в печатных и онлайновых СМИ, ситуация на рынке кредитования малого и среднего бизнеса просто идиллическая. Толпы владельцев предприятий данной сферы, теоретически, могут выстраиваться в очередь за кредитами, утирая слезы счастья.  Согласно аналитическому исследованию "Эксперта РА", за 2007 год объем кредитования компаний малого и среднего бизнеса вырос на 62 % и в номинальном выражении составил $54,1 млрд. По темпам роста этот банковский сегмент обогнал кредитование юридических лиц (49%), равно как и потребительское кредитование физических лиц (57%). Классические "малые" фирмы с  годовым доходом до $5 млн получили в прошлом году вдвое больше кредитов на развитие, чем в 2006, - около $21 млрд .

Но, сообщая столь радужные показатели динамики, эксперты сходятся во мнении, что спрос на кредиты, который невысок ввиду сложностей с их получением, удовлетворен лишь на 20%.

Больше всего в заемных средствах нуждаются  так называемые стартапы - фирмы-новички. Но именно с ними банки связывают наивысшие риски невозврата долгов. По статистике 80% молодых индивидуальных микропредприятий  "сворачиваются" в течение первого года существования. Поэтому кредитовать бизнес, успешность которого невозможно спрогнозировать, банки опасаются. Вторая причина "взаимного неприятия" бизнесменов и кредитных организаций - требование обязательного залога недвижимого имущества. В последнее время это одно из главных условий для получения кредита на развитие малого бизнеса. Что ж, если бизнес "не удался", придется прощаться с квартирой. Поэтому владельцы малых предприятий всячески изощряются в "добыче" средств для бизнеса, обращаясь в банки в последнюю очередь. А если и обращаются, то берут… несколько нецелых потребительских кредитов, оформленных на свое имя, то есть как физлицо. К сожалению, такая практика среди начинающих предпринимателей довольно распространена.

"Выход есть"

По оценкам экспертов, кредитование малого бизнеса - это одно из наиболее привлекательных направлений деятельности кредитных финучреждений с точки зрения доходности капитала. Но высокая степень рисков, равно как и отсутствие стратегической поддержки банков со стороны государства, сдерживают рост данного сегмента. Банки не могут единолично нести высокие риски, связанные с кредитами на создание микрофирм, утверждает Директор по развитию МСБ банка "Траст" Надия Черкасова. Поэтому большинство индивидуальных предпринимателей, обратившихся в банк за ссудой на открытие бизнеса, получают отказ.

На благосклонность банков могут рассчитывать те бизнесмены, которые имеют солидный опыт работы наемным тип-менеджером в производственной сфере. Тем более, если у него есть возможность внести 30-50% необходимой суммы, шансы получить бизнес-кредит  увеличиваются. Практически обречены попытки получения кредитного финансирования стартапами в сфере игорного бизнеса, фондовых бирж, где риски высоки и непрогнозируемы .

В большинстве банки предлагают кредиты для малого и среднего бизнеса  в размере от 500 тыс. до 300 млн. рублей при условии обязательного залога или/и поручительства сроком на 5 лет. Ставки по кредитам в среднем равны 15 % в рублях.

Кредитов могут и не дать, но взятками уж больше не задушат

Европейские экономисты уже давно отметили прямую зависимость между уровнем роста ВВП и количеством малых и средних предприятий в стране. На данный момент, вклад 4 млн компаний МСБ в развитие экономики России не превышает 17%. Исходя из того, что средний класс, т.е. предприниматели средней руки,  - это основа экономики цивилизованного общества, новоизбранный президент Дмитрий Медведев выделил в своей программе защиту и поддержку малого бизнеса в качестве одного из стратегических приоритетов государственной политики. Особое внимание, по его словам, будет уделено устранению административных барьеров для развития малого бизнеса со стороны органов местного самоуправления. Эльвира Набиуллина также согласилась с тем, что на данный момент засилье контроля частного предпринимательства со стороны госорганов нужно ограничить законодательно по максимуму.

Что ж, даже при условии недоступности кредита на развитие  бизнеса, проблем с его открытием и беспрепятственным ведением у "малых" бизнесменов должно убавиться.

Что ждет малый бизнес в перспективе?

По оценкам аналитиков "Эксперта РА", совокупный кредитный портфель российских банков малому и среднему бизнесу до 2010 года может вырасти до $168 млрд.  А при условии активной государственной поддержки -  даже до $280 млрд. По мнению представителя РайффайзенБанка Александра Конышкова, специализированных программ кредитования МБС на российском рынке уже довольно много. Поэтому вследствие повышенной конкуренции можно ожидать снижения процентных ставок, которые сейчас равны порядка 15% в рублях. Напротив, господин Демидов, представляющий "Абсолют банк" считает, что в ближайшее время, ввиду финансового кризиса ликвидности, снижения ставок по высокорисковым кредитам для малого бизнеса ожидать не стоит.

Характерной чертой развития банковских услуг для малого предпринимательства стало появление кредитов без обязательного залога. Например "Промсвязьбанк" выдает кредиты бизнесменам в сумме не более 1 млн. рублей, а  диапазон беззалоговой ссуды "Абсолют банка" составляет от 300 тыс. до 900 тыс. рублей, в зависимости от "качества" кредитной истории потенциального предпринимателя.

В целом, руководители банков видят рынок кредитования МСБ и его перспективы в одном свете, бизнесмены, оббивающие безрезультатно пороги банков, - в совершенно другом. Поэтому очевидно, что в текущем году сотрудничество банков и малого бизнеса будет происходить, как и ранее, "по разным сторонам баррикад".

_______________________

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