Секреты досрочного погашения ипотечного кредита

by Sharky 3/14/2008 5:04:00 PM
Взяв кредит на покупку недвижимости или земельного участка, каждый добросовестный заемщик рассчитывает исполнить свои обязательства в срок. Многие ипотечные заемщики идут еще дальше – стараются отдать кредит досрочно

 

Как извлечь для себя дополнительную выгоду.

Считается, что стремление досрочно погасить кредит связано с нашим менталитетом: славяне не привыкли жить в долг. Однако при ближайшем рассмотрении выясняется, что причина в другом.

При аннуитетной схеме погашения ипотечного кредита, которую предлагает подавляющее большинство банков, рассчитывается единый фиксированный платеж, который нужно платить в течение всего срока кредитования. В первые годы заемщик гасит по большей части проценты, а основной долг уменьшается крайне медленно.

К примеру, при кредите на 20 лет в первый год лишь 10% выплат пойдут в погашение тела кредита, а 90% выплаченных средств уйдут на обслуживание долга. Доли средств, идущих на погашение кредита и процентов, в обязательном платеже сравняются примерно на тринадцатом году пользования заемными средствами.

Поэтому, как правило, сделав ремонт в квартире, заемщики стараются делать частичное досрочное погашение – добровольно выплачивать остаток кредитной задолженности с опережением графика, предусмотренного кредитным договором, проще говоря, отдавать в банк сумму, превышающую обязательный платеж. Этому, в частности, способствуют рост зарплат и падение курса доллара.

С другой стороны, очевидно, что для банков досрочное погашение невыгодно. Для кредитных организаций гораздо лучше, когда заемщик платит точно в срок, не отставая от графика и не опережая его и принося банку запланированный доход. Если вдруг деньги вернулись раньше срока, банк сталкивается с необходимостью снова их куда-то пристраивать, и не факт, что получится отдать их под такой же процент. Из-за этого сложнее планировать кредитный портфель.

Поэтому банки стараются, во-первых, максимально затруднить досрочное погашение, во-вторых, постараться компенсировать свои потери за счет слишком торопливых заемщиков.

К числу препон можно отнести установление минимальных сумм, которые будут зачислены в счет досрочного погашения. Планка варьируется от $500-600 до $3000 в зависимости от региона. Разумеется, это делается не для того, чтобы не загружать сотрудников лишними перерасчетами. Чем больше минимальная сумма, тем сложнее ее выкроить из семейного бюджета.

Второй способ затормозить досрочное погашение: обязать заемщика уведомлять банк о желании внести досрочный взнос за 15-30 дней и получить разрешение от кредитного комитета. Более того, если разрешение получено, то в случае отказа заемщика внести эти средства банк также может налагать санкции в виде штрафов за день просрочки.

Банк может устанавливать период, в течение которого досрочные платежи не принимаются в принципе. Другой вариант: назначается период, когда досрочное погашение сопровождается штрафом в размере 2-3% от его суммы. Во втором случае наличие таких ограничений не означает, что в этот период нельзя гасить кредит с опережением графика. Просто придется доплатить на каждые $100 по $2-3 в виде комиссии.

Длительность таких периодов варьируется от трех месяцев до пяти лет с момента подписания кредитного договора; самый распространенный вариант — шесть месяцев. Отметим, что пока еще встречаются программы, позволяющие досрочно гасить кредит сразу и без каких-либо ограничений. Все эти особенности четко прописываются в кредитном договоре, и наш совет №1 – данные моменты имеет смысл тщательно отслеживать при выборе банка и чтении кредитного договора.

Более того, если вы вдруг получили на руки сумму, которая позволяет погасить кредит полностью (продали старую квартиру, к примеру, или выиграли в лотерею), то полное досрочное погашение всего кредита, даже с уплатой штрафов, выгоднее, чем соблюдение графика платежей. Впрочем, при частичном досрочном погашении тоже выгоднее заплатить штраф, так как он уплачивается один раз, а основной долг сразу уменьшается, соответственно, на него начисляется меньше процентов, и эта экономия будет проявляться в течение всего срока кредитования.

Каким образом пересматривает банк график выплаты кредита в связи с частичным досрочным погашением, тоже должно быть написано в договоре. Чаще всего кредитная организация может постановить, что срок кредита сокращается, а размер ежемесячного платежа не меняется, внутри него происходит пересчет доли начисленных процентов и суммы, идущей в счет погашения тела кредита. Некоторые банки дают заемщику возможность самому выбрать, уменьшить ли срок кредита или размер ежемесячного платежа. Психологически комфортнее, если понимаешь, что кредит будет отдан не через 20, а через 15 лет.

Наш второй совет – выбирайте уменьшение платежа, это более выгодно: деньги высвобождаются уже сейчас, и есть возможность либо направить их на досрочное погашение, либо просто вздохнуть чуть свободнее и решать другие задачи. Ипотечный калькулятор показывает, что при кредите в $100 тыс. под 11% годовых обязательный ежемесячный платеж составит $1032. Если платить $1232, то есть всего на $200 больше, то срок уменьшается до 12,5 лет. Экономия на процентах составит порядка $60 тыс. А коэффициент переплат сокращается с 2,49 до 1,85. Кстати, после внесения сумм в счет досрочного погашения банк должен предоставить заемщику новый график платежей.

Кроме того, не забывайте, что от величины основного долга зависит и размер обязательного ежегодного страхового взноса. Еще один плюс досрочного погашения: чем раньше вы отдадите кредит, тем быстрее сможете снять обременение и более свободно распоряжаться квартирой.

И третий совет – заемщикам с «белой» зарплатой стоит помнить о возможности получить налоговый вычет на объект недвижимости и 13% с суммы выплаченных процентов. Эти деньги, а также средства, сэкономленные в результате сокращения обязательного платежа, можно потратить на досрочное погашение либо попробовать получить с них дополнительный доход.

Гасить кредит или вкладывать деньги?

Мнения экспертов относительно целесообразности инвестиций разошлись. Николай Солабуто, консультант инвестиционной компании Финам, рекомендует действовать «в зависимости от того, в какой валюте взят кредит. Кредиты я советую гасить досрочно. Сейчас наблюдается долгосрочная тенденция снижения курса доллара к рублю. Поэтому, если взят кредит в долларах, лучше инвестировать свободные средства в индексные ПИФы».

Рустам Боташев, аналитик компании Атон, подчеркивает, что «все зависит от того, готов ли заемщик брать на себя инвестиционные риски. Самый простой вариант – гасить кредит досрочно. Если говорить об инвестициях, то наиболее надежный способ – депозиты, однако они недостаточно доходны. Вложения в ценные бумаги гораздо более доходны, однако связаны со значительными рисками».

  • Источник: Собственник: журнал о людях и домах

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